Croft, 48.Cecil wrote to James, "The subject itself is so perilous to touch amongst us as it setteth a mark upon his head forever that hatcheth such a bird". Elizabeth I | Biography, Facts, Mother, & Death | Britannica Elizabeth's first speech as queen, An Act of July 1536 stated that Elizabeth was "illegitimate ... and utterly foreclosed, excluded and banned to claim, challenge, or demand any inheritance as lawful heir ... to [the King] by lineal descent". And as nothing is more dear to us than the loving conservation of our subjects' hearts, what an undeserved doubt might we have incurred if the abusers of our liberality, the thrallers of our people, the wringers of the poor, had not been told us!This same period of economic and political uncertainty, however, produced an unsurpassed literary flowering in England.As Elizabeth aged her image gradually changed. I will never break the word of a prince spoken in public place, for my honour's sake. Quoted by Loades, 69–70.Letter to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 10 February 1586, delivered by Sir Elizabeth's ambassador in France was actively misleading her as to the true intentions of the Spanish king, who only tried to buy time for his great assault upon England: Parker, 193.For example, C. H. Wilson castigates Elizabeth for half-heartedness in the war against Spain. Somerset, 102. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....



She is the longest-reigning monarch in British history.Elizabeth was born into royalty as the daughter of the second son of The princess’s education was supervised by her mother, who entrusted Elizabeth and her sister to a governess, Marion Crawford.



Mary, a devout Catholic, was determined to crush the Protestant faith in which Elizabeth had been educated, and she ordered that everyone attend Catholic Mass; Elizabeth had to outwardly conform. Haigh, 179.After Essex's downfall, James VI of Scotland referred to Cecil as "king there in effect". "It was fortunate that ten out of twenty-six bishoprics were vacant, for of late there had been a high rate of mortality among the episcopate, and a fever had conveniently carried off Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, "There were no less than ten sees unrepresented through death or illness and the carelessness of 'the accursed cardinal' [Pole]". Princess Anne is in the baby carriage.Elizabeth II in her coronation robes, photograph by Cecil Beaton, 1953.Queen Elizabeth II reading a speech from the throne at the state opening of Parliament, 1958.Elizabeth II with (from left) Princess Anne, Prince Philip, Prince Andrew, and Prince Charles.Queen Elizabeth II greeting children at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center during a visit to the United States, May 2007.Britain's Queen Elizabeth II, accompanied by her husband, Prince Philip, waving to well-wishers as she rides to St. Paul's Cathedral for a service celebrating her Golden Jubilee in 2002.Elizabeth II (right) and Catherine, duchess of Cambridge, visiting Leicester, England, at the start of the queen's Diamond Jubilee tour of the United Kingdom, 2012.This article was most recently revised and updated by

By constant attention to the details of her total performance, she kept the rest of the cast on their toes and kept her own part as queen." William Cecil was already seeking solutions to the succession problem.Elizabeth's unmarried status inspired a cult of virginity related to that of the Virgin Mary.

Elizabeth's procession to a thanksgiving service at If the late queen would have believed her men of war as she did her scribes, we had in her time beaten that great empire in pieces and made their kings of figs and oranges as in old times. She feared that the French planned to invade England and put her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne.

The question of her legitimacy was a key concern: although she was technically illegitimate under both Protestant and Catholic law, her retroactively-declared illegitimacy under the English church was not a serious bar compared to having never been legitimate as the Catholics claimed she was.


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