The results contribute towards developing refined building codes, risk mitigation concepts and early-warning systems and are, thus, of great relevance for millions of people living in population centers near transform faults. It has given us new and exciting perspectives on earthquake rupture, showing that rupture can actually reverse direction mid-quake. In the succeeding 75 years, there was but one Mw > 6 shock1 (Fig. transform fault. 1).

The team made use of a new network of underwater seismometers to monitor the Romanche fracture zone, a fault line stretching 900km under the Atlantic near the equator.In 2016, they recorded a magnitude 7.1 earthquake along the Romanche fracture zone and tracked the rupture along the fault. This revealed that initially the rupture travelled in one direction before turning around midway through the earthquake and breaking the ‘seismic sound barrier’, becoming an ultra-fast earthquake.Only a handful of such earthquakes have been recorded globally. © Sonnenseite / Franz Alt 2020 We were very lucky to record this earthquake with our seismic array because the array was only installed for one year and large events like this occur only about every 30 years or so on this transform fault. We endeavor to give the Australian community greater transparency and access to government information and other developments free from encroaching corporate, ideological or any other interests/influences. Continental transform faults evolve when two plates slide along each other. The major findings of the study are that for 75% of the data the observed maximum magnitude generally scales with the offset across the faults if exceeding 10 km. During the 75 years before the great 1906 earthquake on the San Andreas fault, the San Francisco Bay area suffered at least 14 shocks of moment magnitude (Mw) equal to or exceeding 6; these occurred on all major faults, and included two events of Mw > 6:8.

During large earthquakes, the breaking of rock can spread down the fault line. Along subduction zones earthquakes are very abundant, and they are increasingly deep on the landward side of the subduction zone. Patricia Martínez-Garzón, Marco Bohnhoff, Yehuda Ben-Zion, Georg Dresen, 2015: “

© P. Martínez-Garzón | GFZ | One of the world’s most famous faults: the Californian Andreas Fault, seen here in the Bay area of San Francisco.A team of scientists from the GFZ German Centre for Geosciences in collaboration with the University of Southern California has now presented a global evaluation of observed maximum earthquakes along all major transform faults allowing to better estimate the maximum earthquake strengths.Continental transform faults evolve when two plates slide along each other. The most prominent examples are the San Andreas Fault in California and the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. Figure 4.8.1 Global distribution of earthquakes. Large faults within the Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonic forces, with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates, such as subduction zones or transform faults. 2015 Tajikistan earthquake, magnitude M w 7.2, supershear slip on two segments, with normal slip at the restraining bend linking them. To estimate the seismic hazard and resulting risk it is essential to know the maximum earthquake magnitude to be expected along particular faults. 2016 Romanche fracture zone earthquake, magnitude 7.1, westwards-directed supershear rupture following an initial easterly-travelling phase on the Romanche ocean transform fault in the equatorial Atlantic The most prominent examples are the San Andreas Fault in California and the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey.


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