optic gland octopus

Among these subclusters (Although the optic gland is regarded as a neuroendocrine organ, its mechanisms of secretory release are unknown. The suckers allow the octopus to anchor itself or to manipulate objects. It has to do with the optic gland between the octopus's eyes; a gland similar to the pituitary gland in humans. ; Visualization: Z.Y.W.

The ingress of water is achieved by contraction of radial muscles in the mantle wall, and flapper valves shut when strong circular muscles force the water out through the siphon.The thin skin of the octopus absorbs additional oxygen. The ink is thought to reduce the efficiency of olfactory organs, which would aid evasion from predators that employ The diseases and parasites that affect octopuses have been little studied, but cephalopods are known to be the intermediate or final The scientific name Octopoda was first coined and given as the order of octopuses in 1818 by English biologist Cephalopods have existed for 500 million years and octopus ancestors were in the The molecular analysis of the octopods shows that the suborder Cirrina (Cirromorphida) and the superfamily Argonautoidea are Octopuses and other coleoid cephalopods are capable of greater Ancient seafaring people were aware of the octopus, as evidenced by certain artworks and designs. They can also contract their arms and surrounding web to make sudden moves known as "take-offs". This research was conducted on the land of the Potawatomi, Miami, Sauk and Fox peoples.The authors declare no competing or financial interests.Conceptualization: Z.Y.W., C.W.R.

; Methodology: Z.Y.W., C.W.R. Each sucker is usually circular and bowl-like and has two distinct parts: an outer shallow cavity called an infundibulum and a central hollow cavity called an The eyes of the octopus are large and are at the top of the head.

In several vertebrate species, it is believed that the metabolic cost of gamete production and finding a mate are so high that death is inevitable (Our transcriptome findings suggest that, far from secreting a single hormone, the optic gland likely enlists multiple signaling systems to regulate reproductive behaviors, including organismal senescence (If the optic gland encompasses functions of the anterior pituitary gland and the adrenal glands, it prompts the question of what glandular targets of the optic gland, if any, might exist.

When it is resting after a meal, absorption through the skin can drop to 3% of its total oxygen uptake.The digestive system of the octopus begins with the The octopus (along with cuttlefish) has the highest Like other cephalopods, octopuses can distinguish the Attached to the brain are two special organs called When octopuses reproduce, the male uses a specialised arm called a The reproduction of octopuses has been studied in only a few species. She abandoned her eggs, started feeding again, and went on to live a much longer life. They have neutral buoyancy and drift through the water with the fins extended. Octopuses that are diurnal and live in shallow water have evolved more complex skin than their nocturnal and deep-sea counterparts.A "moving rock" trick involves the octopus mimicking a rock and then inching across the open space with a speed matching the movement in the surrounding water, allowing it to move in plain sight of a predator.Aside from humans, octopuses may be preyed on by fishes, Once they have been seen by a predator, they commonly try to escape but can also use distraction with an ink cloud ejected from the ink sac. ; Resources: C.W.R. Aspects of the Natural History of Octopuses appear in mythology as sea monsters like the The skin consists of a thin outer epidermis with mucous cells and sensory cells, and a connective tissue dermis consisting largely of collagen fibres and various cells allowing colour change.The interior surfaces of the arms are covered with circular, adhesive suckers.

In addition, we longitudinally observed 16 brooding females and categorized them into behavioral stages based on the traits detailed in the Results and summarized in Octopuses were submerged in 5–10% ethanol/seawater for at least 20 min to achieve deep anesthesia, then decerebrated (mantle and arms removed from the head) (We also harvested arm tissue from the same cohort of animals.

Through behavioral analyses and transcriptome sequencing, we report that the optic gland undergoes remarkable molecular changes that coincide with transitions between behavioral stages. In some species, the mantle can take on the spiky appearance of algae; in others, skin anatomy is limited to relatively uniform shades of one colour with limited skin texture. and the Erma Smith Endowment. In particular, we found that reproduction and the onset of fasting trigger major transcriptional activation in the optic glands. Using BLASTP and TBLASTN, we baited the arm transcriptomes from all behavioral stages with the genes that were significantly enriched in non-mated optic glands (blue cluster, With their large central nervous systems and wide range of behaviors, coleoid cephalopods have long fascinated neuroscientists. Expression changes of these genes in the arms would suggest that global changes in neuropeptide signaling accompany the maternal and senescence process in general. The gland may be triggered by environmental conditions such as temperature, light and nutrition, which thus control the timing of reproduction and lifespan. RNA was extracted using Trizol and PhaseMaker Tubes (Life Technologies Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. These systems may be independent of the optic gland.These neuropeptides may also broadly participate in neurotransmission well beyond feeding. ; Formal analysis: Z.Y.W. Clutches from the animals ranged in developmental stage from gastrulation to Stage 11 (Octopuses were kept undisturbed for 4 days so they could habituate to our aquarium setup and recover from the distress of flying. Here, we identify major signaling systems of the Octopus bimaculoides optic gland. ; Validation: Z.Y.W., C.W.R.