Central Asia, Australia, and Japan experienced large equine influenza virus (EIV) outbreaks in 2007 (The most common clinical signs of EIV infection in equids are fever, lethargy, anorexia, nasal discharge, and a nonproductive dry cough (EIVs are believed to have originated from avian influenza strains (EIV-like equine respiratory diseases have been recorded since the 13th century (A massive 1872 outbreak is considered the largest recorded EIV epizootic (Influenza is endemic in horses in the United States and much of the world, with the exception of New Zealand and Iceland (Australia experienced a large outbreak in 2007, involving 70,000 horses living on >9,000 properties, that resulted in a 5% mortality rate (During 2011–2012, an outbreak of EIV Florida clade 1 began in Chile and spread to multiple countries in South America (In Mongolia, government records show 4 large EIV outbreaks with some of the highest known mortalities during 1974–1975, 1983–1984, 1993–1994, and 2007–2008 (The primary focus of EIV prevention has been on domestic horses, but EIV is transmissible to all equids, including feral and wild herds, such as Przewalski’s horses. Please confirm that you are a health care professionalThe link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. In addition, equids are at risk from infection with avian influenza viruses, which can increase mortality rates. The disease has been recorded throughout history, and when horses were the main draft animals, outbreaks of EI crippled the economy. Equine Influenza (EI) is a highly contagious though rarely fatal respiratory disease of horses, donkeys and mules and other equidae. Racing was not cancelled.Australia had remained free of equine influenza until an outbreak in August 2007 when 10,651 horses were infected over a period of three months. "Equine influenza is caused by several strains of the When a horse contracts the equine influenza virus, rest and supportive care is advised so that complications do not occur. Most of the human volunteers also shed virus from day 2 through day 5 but rarely shed past day 6 (Studies of humans exposed to horses during the 2007 EIV outbreak in Australia found only 10% of people had serologic reaction against EIV, all at a low level, suggesting cross-reactivity with human influenza strains (EIV has multiple potential direct and indirect routes of transmission and is especially communicable when it enters a large, previously unexposed population of equids. Evidence implicating duck and equine influenza viruses as possible progenitors of the Hong Kong strain of human influenza: W.G. Because the duration of protection provided by current vaccines is limited, booster injections for at-risk adult horses should be administered every 6 mo. Research is clarifying the role of the environment and weather on EIV transmission. The risk for EIV infection is not limited to equids; dogs, cats, and humans are susceptible. Veterinarians recommend at least one week of rest for every day that the fever persists with a minimum of three days' rest. • An outbreak in Australia in August 2007 infected horses on 10651 premises in three months despite the imposition Nasal discharge, although scant and serous initially, may become mucopurulent due to secondary bacterial infection. Subclinically affected vaccinated horses can shed live virus and represent a threat to unvaccinated or inappropriately vaccinated horses. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are administered if the fever reaches greater than 104 °F (40 °C). View All News >
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Horses 1–5 yr old are the most susceptible to infection. This vaccine is temperature sensitive and is not capable of replicating beyond the nasal passages (ie, inactivated by core body temperature). A/H3N8 wurde erstmals 1963 in Miami bei Pferden nachgewiesen, A/H7N7 erstmals 1956 in Prag. Experimental infection of antibody-negative human volunteers in the 1960s saw >60% of them seroconvert and have positive virus cultures from throat swabs collected 2–6 days after nasal inoculation.
Neutralising immunity leading to an absence of infection is rare.
Complications are minimized by restricting exercise, controlling dust, providing superior ventilation, and practicing good stable hygiene. Although the mechanism remains unclear, we have demonstrated transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs in the United Kingdom, independent of that in the United States.
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Antibiotics are indicated when fever persists beyond 3–4 days or when purulent nasal discharge or pneumonia is present.Prevention of influenza requires hygienic management practices and vaccination. Saving Lives, Protecting PeopleInstitute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (A. Sack, U. Daramragchaa, M. Chuluunbaatar, B. Gonchigoo)Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA (A. Sack, G.C. View All News >
Outbreaks have occurred worldwide in the past decade. Equine influenza is characterized by a very high rate of transmission among horses, and has a relatively short incubation time of one to three days.
Recovery may be hastened by complete restriction of strenuous physical activity. Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a common, highly contagious equid respiratory disease.